How does Africa's geography hinder trade and economic development?

Africa's unique elevation profile creates significant barriers to trade. Unlike Europe, most of Africa features high plateaus that rapidly descend to sea level near the coasts, forming steep escarpments. These create narrow coastal plains (often just dozens of kilometers wide) with limited hinterlands for development. Additionally, Africa lacks navigable rivers connecting to oceans, eliminating possibilities for maritime riverine trade between the interior and global markets. This geographical isolation, combined with few natural harbors, has historically prevented efficient trade connections and contributed substantially to the continent's economic challenges.