How do pharmaceutical companies manipulate patent laws to maintain monopolies and prevent cheaper generic alternatives from entering the market?

Pharmaceutical companies exploit patent laws by extending their monopolies through minor modifications to existing drugs, such as slightly changing the molecule or finding new medical indications for the same medication. When a patent expires, generic manufacturers can typically produce cheaper alternatives, breaking the company's monopoly pricing power. However, companies like those involved in the opioid crisis strategically reclassify or modify their drugs just enough to secure new patents, effectively resetting the monopoly clock. This practice allows them to continue charging premium prices while blocking generic competition, prioritizing profits over patient accessibility and contributing to public health crises through sustained high drug costs.