What legal checks exist on presidential control over independent agencies?

There are two primary legal checks on presidential control over independent agencies. First, litigation can be initiated by interested parties challenging presidential actions in federal courts. These cases begin in district courts and may eventually reach the Supreme Court, with judges determining whether presidential actions fall within legal boundaries. Second, Congress serves as a critical check since they originally established these agencies as independent entities. When a president appears to infringe upon this independence, Congress has the authority to stand up and voice objections. However, as noted in the discussion, there has been a noticeable hesitation among congressional members to challenge presidential authority in recent times.